Organizing Library Findings

The systematic or proper arrangements of the materials or references which are collected from library should be organized carefully. A researcher should prepare the list of books or copies which are relevant to
the problem before visiting a library. Library is the big collection of books and journals one should have proper knowledge of consulting a library. All the good libraries are organized in similar principle i.e. every library has a card catalog, which shows all the publications available in the library. Such card will help to prepare the bibliography list as well as to select the material form concerned shelves of the library. The catalog cards are generally highlights the following facts of book and journals:
• Call number of books and journals
• Name of authors ( Last name first and then first name)
• Title of book or article (Name should be underlined)
• Name, date and place of publisher
• Number of pages

Composing a Bibliography

Bibliography is the arrangement of reviewed books, articles, journals, reports and relevant published or unpublished documents. While conducting research, we collect various information from different sources and those sources must be mentioned at the end of research that enables the readers to go depth in original sources. In such way, mentioning the source of information in research is bibliography. A bibliography usually listed at the end of pages of report. It can be arranged in alphabetical order or subject wise also.

Types, Objectives and Sources of Literature Review

Types of Literature  Review
There are two types of review of literature.
1. Survey of research: It is just the review of topic which; explores the findings of previous research works.
identifies the existing relationship between variables.
2. Conceptual review: it is the theoretical review which examines different theories and concepts of topics. Its provides some relevant arguments on research.

Objectives of the literature review
The following objectives are set for literature review:
1. Identification of relevant variables of research
2. Avoidance of repetition
3. Synthesis (i.e. combine) of prior works
4. Determining meaning and relationship among variables

Sources of Literature Review
Sources of literature review indicates the related documents of previous researches on which researcher
generally goes through. The important documents of literature review can be listed
below:
1. Books and journals
2. Abstracts (Summary of used tools)
3. Annual reports
4. Research articles
5. Dissertations (thesis or reports for achieving university degrees)
6. Directories (an alphabetical list of names, address and numbers)
7. Internet

Review of Literature

The process of studying different article, book, journals and different sources of information to gather knowledge of selected topic under study is known as review of literature. It is the preliminary stage of any research after selecting a research problem. It is a abstract of previous research on a specified topic on which researcher provides the description, summary and critical evaluation of each sources of knowledge. It gives idea about how variables are related in past studies and what difficulties previous researcher faced, so that you can take care on those points. It helps to distinguish the new research with previous researches. It enables the researcher to conduct research in an effective way. The existing literature should be to identify the following issues:
1. What is already known about this area?
2. What concepts and theories are relevant to this area?
3. Are there any significant controversies?
4. Are there any unanswered research questions in this area?
5. Are there any inconsistencies in findings relating to this area?

Social science research

Social science research is the scientific study of society. More specifically, social science research examines a society’s attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, trends, norms, values and rules. Poverty, racism, class issues, sexuality, voting behavior, and criminal behavior etc are included in this research. It looks for cause-and-effect relationships of a social issues and underlying concepts. Before beginning research, researcher must formulate some social research question. The examples can be A researcher might ask if there is a relationship between a person income level and his or her sex. Do men have higher incomes than women? Are women most likely to be poor?

Difficulty in applying scientific method in Social Science Research are as follows:
1. Vested interest of researcher
2. Complexity of subject matter
3. Difficulty to obtain accurate measurement
4. Misconception of society
5. Emotional tendencies
6. Natural human expressions
7. Lack of universalities

Quantitative vs Qualitative Research

1. Quantitative Research
The research which is based on the quantitative units of measurement is called quantitative research. In this research the result is measured in terms of quantity or amount. Generally large sample size is taken to
conduct the study. It is conducted to know that how and why things are happened in the society. Sources of data are both primary and secondary sources can be used to collect data. Primary data is collected through
structured questionnaire. Different statistical tools like Mean, SD, Correlation, Regression, Test of hypothesis can be used to analyze data in this research.

2. Qualitative Research
The research which is based on the attributes is called qualitative research. In this research the result is not measured in terms of quantity or amount. Generally small sample size is taken to conduct the study. It is conducted to know the response of people. Only primary can be used to collect data.  Primary data is collected through unstructured questionnaire. Different statistical tools like Mean, SD, Correlation, Regression, Test of hypothesis cannot be used to analyze data.

Management research

The research conducted which is to solve managerial business problem is called management research. It includes the study in broad subject like strategy formulation, environment scanning, organizational
structure, staff policies and rules, system of job analysis, employee participation, record management etc. It also touches the financial area and accounting area, portfolio management sources, use of funds, depreciation budgetary system and inventory costing of banks, financial institutions and other manufacturing and service organization. This research often associated with the use of mathematical ways to analyzes managerial decision-related problems.

Types of Management Research
• Policy research
• Managerial research
• Action research
• Evaluation research

Scientific research

Actually, scientific is not the term related to science, it means process of conducting research with some scientific characteristics. It is not a special kind of research and any research can be a scientific research if it holds the scientific characteristics. It is basically related with solving problems by analyzing all
aspects of problem systematically. It depends upon technical and logical statements which minimizes the wrong concepts and helps to find truth and facts. It is free from personal behavior, biasness, emotion,
attitudes, and values. It is accepted universally.

The characteristics of Scientific research are as follows:
1. Purposive
2. Testability
3. Replicability
4. Objectivity
5. Rigorous
6. Generalizability

Following steps are involved under the scientific research process:
1. Sensing or Realizing problem
2. Problem identification
3. Literature review
4. Hypothesis formulation
5. Research design
6. Data collection
7. Data analysis
8. Generalization

Types of Research

We can see that there are various kinds of research like formal research, informal research, scientific research, historical research, social research, business research, management research, qualitative research, quantitative research etc. But all these kinds of research fall under the following
two types of research. They are as follows:
1. Basic Research
2. Applied research

1. Basic Research
The research base for searching which provides new to the society is called basic research. The research is simply the basic research which is discussed with the questions that are intellectually challenging for some unknown facts. It formulates theory and develops principle that may or may not have practical application at present. It has no limited time frame. It has no any kind of immediate utilization and commercial purpose. It is essential for nourishing the expansion of knowledge. It is based on the assumption for alerting or formulating new dimensions to the existing theory. It is also called fundamental research or pure research or theoretical research. It is conducted by authors, scientists and scholars of scientific community.

2. Applied research
Applied research is concerned with a particular project and problem that has a specific meaning and practical value. It is associated with knowledge that has immediate applications. It is result oriented research having limited time frame. The major purpose of applied research is to solve the currently happened problem in society and business about policies, program, projects and procedures. It is also called decisional research.

Introduction of Research

The term Research is the composition of two different terms “Re” and “Search”. Therefore the research can be defined as the set of activities which searches anything for some new facts that is already conducted in past. In fact research is not only the exploring the previous facts but it is also the process of generating new theory that can solve the problem relating to the society and any business transaction. It is considered to be systematic and intensive process of doing a scientific analysis to search for knowledge. It is a problem solving and fact finding method. It is systematic and objective analysis that may lead to the generalization of principles. Research in management is defined as a systematic inquiry that provides information to guide managerial decisions.

Limitations of CVP

Everything has its own particular confinements, so is the CVP. Indeed, even CVP is valuable and critical instrument for directors, it have a few its own constraints. While applying CVP examination, inferring conclusions, chief ought to take a gander at its premises to settle on choice unprejudiced and clear. CVP investigation depends on a few presumptions which limited it with in a region restricting its frame of reference. A few suppositions or restrictions of CVP are said beneath.

1. CVP investigation is done just under variable costing wage explanation position it organization is utilizing another configuration then it is difficult to discover relationship.

2. CVP investigation requires isolation of expense to settled and variable. By and by, the cost isolation is troublesome assignment and its exactness is in uncertainty. In this way, conclusions get from it make get to be fake.

3. CVP accept that offering value, costs stay straight in future whatever yield is produce. As a general rule, due to rivalry and different components causes vacillation on costs, offering cost and deals unit.

4. It further expect that profitability and effectiveness of representatives and machines are not going to change all through important scope of generation. It disregards the financial law of scale.

5. It do take thought of present estimation of cash (Money got today is more profitable than it get in tomorrow.).

6. Then again, it depends on the unrealistic methodology that economic situation and item blend would stay same in future.

What number of constraints it might have, yet at the same time it is valuable and imperative instrument of administrative bookkeeping. It helps administrators to discovering the most ideal blends of variable costs, altered cost, offering value, deals volume and blend of items to offer. It furnishes the chiefs with an effective apparatus for distinguishing those blueprints that will and won't enhance benefit.

Cost, Volume and Profit Analysis

Cost,Volume and Profit Analysis is a system which under specific suppositions helps the arrangement creator to figure future deals, dream certain benefit, denounce a security circumstance and the check the altered cost scope assets. Under CVP investigation taking after things is processed with significant need.

Commitment Margin

• Break-even point

• Margin of Safety

• Sensitivity Analysis

• Sales Mix Analysis

2.1.1.1 Contribution Margin

Commitment Margin implies net of variable expenses from deals income which takes care of the altered expenses. It is the sum staying after the finding of variable cost and continues recovering the settled costs. Variable expense is the costs related with creation and deals units where altered expenses are the costs not related with the units sold and can likewise

be termed as the costs brought about in the foundation time of the association. Thus, the sum after variable expenses are acknowledged from deals income requires to cover the settled costs.

Typically,

Commitment Margin = Sales-Variable Costs

2.1.1.2 Break Even Point

Make back the initial investment Point is the period where the association will be in no benefit no misfortune circumstance. It can likewise be reviewed as a position where slight changes in deals additionally brings about greatest benefit. Costs equivalents to Revenue can likewise be termed as a make back the initial investment point. Till Break-even point, an association has as of now endured each misfortunes and expansion in deals will actuate benefit.

2.1.1.3 Margin of Safety

Edge of security is the protected period where the association has been gaining deals income surpassing the earn back the original investment point. Under this circumstance each business return certain benefit, so this period is termed as Margin of Safety.

Typically,

Edge of Safety (MOS) = Actual Sales-Break Even Sales

2.1.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis

CVP examination alike from various suspicions depends on particular estimation of the considerable number of variables utilized as a part of the investigation. Since these variables are once in a while known with assurance, it is useful to run a CVP investigation commonly with various blends of assessments.

2.1.1.5 Sales Mix Analysis

Deals Mix Analysis is a connection when any association deals more than an item. Deals Mix Analysis is a similar connection of the multi item's offering cost. Under deals blend investigation offering cost of various item are thought about and weighted normal offering cost is figured for further CVP Analysis strategy.

Types of Income Elasticity

The level of purchaser's salary is a vital determinant of interest. Pay versatility can be characterized as the degree or responsiveness or affectability of interest to the adjustment in buyer's wage. In other word, the salary flexibility of interest for specific merchandise is characterized to be the rate in amount requested coming about because of 1 percent change in buyer's wage.

There are three sorts of salary versatility.

1. Zero Income versatility: E1 = 0

For this situation an adjustment in salary will have no impact on the amounts requested e.g. salt.

2. Negative Income flexibility: E1< 0

For this situation an expansion in pay may prompt a lessening in the amounts requested. Such happens in sub-par products for instance, an expansion in pay may lead one to move in his interest from Bidies to cigarettes.

3. Positive salary versatility: E1 > 0

An expansion in wage in wage may prompt an expansion in the amounts requested for generally products. E1>0 i.e. at the point when salary rises request likewise rises such merchandise are known as prevalent products. Positive pay flexibility can be of three sorts; unitary versatility, more than unitary versatility and not exactly unitary versatility. At the point when an expansion in pay prompts a proportionate change in the amount requested it is unitary versatile ( E1 =1). The versatility is more than unitary (E1>1) when an expansion in pay prompts a more than proportionate change in amounts requested. The flexibility is not as much as solidarity (E1<1) When an expansion in salary prompts a not exactly proportionate change in amount requested.

Elasticity of Demand

Law of interest clarifies the opposite relationship in the middle of cost and request of an item. It expresses that the interest of an item increments on a fall in its cost and reductions on expansions in its cost, however it doesn't advise the degree to which the interest will change in light of a given change in the cost of a product. Along these lines, the law of interest is just a subjective proclamation and not a quantitative explanation. Prof. Marshall presented the idea of flexibility of interest to quantify the adjustment sought after. Versatility of interest is the estimation of the adjustment sought after in light of a given change in the cost of an item. It gauges the amount of interest will change because of a specific increment or diminishing in the cost of a product.

As indicated by Pappas and Brigham – "Interest adaptability can be described as the rate change in amount requested coming about structure a one percent change in the estimation of one of the interest deciding variables."

As indicated by interest affectability its determinants, flexibility might be high or low. The principle determinants of interest are value, salary, substitution merchandise and integral products and so forth.

In this way, flexibility of interest is characterized as the rate change in a reliant variable Y (amount requested) coming about because of a 1 percent change in an autonomous variable X.

Subsequently, versatility of interest can be characterized as the responsiveness of interest to the adjustments in its determinants, for example, either cost or salary or ad consumption or cost of the related merchandise and so on. The impacts of these progressions are measured by value flexibility salary versatility, notice versatility and cross flexibility of interest individually.

Criticism of Sales- Maximization Objective

Despite the fact that the business expansion advocates the welfare of shopper and in addition the representatives and society in general, it has been seriously scrutinized by different financial analysts. The reason on the premise of which this target has been scrutinized are as per the following: -

1. Sales augmentation is steady with long run benefit expansion. A firm can yield benefit in short rushed to set up itself in business sector. When it is set up in business sector in the long run firm is relied upon to be benefit boost.

2. The firm can deal more than benefit augmenting level just because of the lack of awareness of their interest bend. On the off chance that the firm deals more it doesn't consider boosting deals rather then benefit.

3. This model has the inadmissible ramifications that at whatever point benefits over the base required level are earned directors would get additional fulfillment from gigantic costs a promoting which acquired unimportant build deals and expansive diminishment in benefit.

4. Less abuse of assets and expansion in the welfare of the general public is not generally essentially genuine. It depends fit as a fiddle of the interest and cost bends and the technique for measuring yield of the general public.

5. In the long run both benefit amplification and deals expansion theory give same arrangement. Since, over the long haul benefit compasses to typical level and concurs with least benefit imperative achievable greatest benefit level.

6. Sales augmentation hypothesis does not indicate how the balance of the business comprising of all organizations as deals amplification is achieved. Consequently, relationship in the middle of firm and industry has been disregarded.

7. Baumol has certainly expected that the firm has market power and controls its cost and extension approach, which is unrealistic as a general rule.

8. Baumol Seems to have disregarded common reliance, yet the firm can not settle on the choice with no impact of response of opponents.

9. This hypothesis has disregarded genuine rivalry as well as the danger of potential rivalry. This hypothesis which likewise neglects to envision that if a firm could take the offer of a firm or other industry its privilege on extending deals is hampered by response.

Despite the fact that the Baumol's business amplification hypothesis has been seriously condemned, the accompanying angles have made this goal the best among the different target of a firm:

• Sufficient supply of yield at lower value upgrades the social welfare in the public eye.

• Sales augmentation objective has been proposed on the ground that base benefit is vital for the business firm. It will enhance the long run supportability of the business firm.

• Sales boost model has been pushed from the long run viewpoint. In particular, It is a long run goal of the firm. Benefit expansion is short run target which is not alluring from social perspective.

• Sales boost objective has been clarified from the administration point of view. The target of proprietor must be met with the concurrent welfare of the administration. Which depends on the truth since administration and proprietorship is very distinctive in today's cutting edge corporate firm?

• Sales income boost goal of Baumol has underscored on notice to expand the deals, which incorporate the item plan, and increment in innovative work consumption also.

• Sales augmentation objective likewise stress the ideal and productive use of assets. As the firm tries to boost deals by lessening cost, there will be less abuse of assets and welfare of society will increment. Despite the fact that there has been a considerable measure of weakness in the business boost objective, yet it can be depicted as a moderately suitable target of the firm.

External environment

Outside environment is truely unlimited, mind boggling and dynamic in nature. The progressions are continually occurring in outside environment. Since it is outside the ability to control of managemet, it is most noteworthy to business. Business exercises are to be performed inside of the limit made by outer environment. Outer environment is to be received by business chiefs as we embrace climate.

Be that as it may, now and again, association could impact outside environment by implication. E.g. Association could change taste and inclination of group after long time through social mindfulness and special exercises. Be that as it may, association must be balanced with assets accessible inside of region/nation.

Outside environment gives opportunities and dangers to the business association. Something changed in outside environment might be chances to one business yet dangers to the next. E.g. (an) expanding employments of PC printers is useful for PC business yet it is most noticeably bad for sort author business. (b) Popularity of Cable TV is catching piece of the overall industry of VHS and silver screen yet reassuring no. of TV channels. In these circumstance, business director insight lies in running with the progressions instead of restricting it.

Outside environment confines the exercises of business. Outer environment shapes the actiivities of business organistion by offering answers of what, why, when, where to do certain business exercises to meet hierarchical objecitives. Be that as it may, the orgnisation which couldn't comprehend outside environment falls flat after time.

Outside environment can be subdivided to two gathering:

a. Micro/Competitive/Operating/Immediate environment

b. Macro/Remote/Contextual environment

Technological environment

These days innovation is quickly evolving. Innovative environment is the key which decides achievement and disappointment in advanced time business. Organization which can not run with same pace of mechanical changes, misfortunes chances of being focused by lessening cost, expanding speed, and improving proficiency.

Impacting elements under innovative environment are:

i. Correspondence: Now it is conceivable to chat with other individuals with other who are thousand miles far requiring little to no effort. It is likewise conceivable to skim required data from web and doing office telecommute.

ii. Chemicals: The revelation of new chemicals for quickening the business and business likewise impacts the execution of business.

iii. New effective modern procedure has been concocted which could be utilized to get a handle on the near preferences.

iv. It is currently absolutely difficult to think world without electronic gadgets.

v. Vitality: Scientist are hunting down different wellsprings of vitality e.g. sun powered, infinite, and nuclear, which could alter the world.

vi. Presently days nourishment business is entirely unexpected from five years back business.

viii. Biological: We are presently in period of hereditary innovation and cloning is currently conceivable.

ix. Medical: Men can discover pharmaceutical for most hazardous infection yet new malady additionally coming step by step e.g. Helps, SARS. Business would be high on the off chance that it could cure AIDS.

x. Information preparing is finished by utilizing PC. So there is part of good business chances of programming, equipment and PC preparing.

xi. Transportation: We could send and got business things starting with one place then onto the next in brief time. Business identified with transportation is likewise in blast.

Social/Demographic environment

It is a determinant of sort of interest. It demonstrates inclinations of buyers. It answers what to create and the amount to be produce. Higher interest is useful for organization wellbeing. Business will positively come up short in the event that it couldn't meet desire of social and demographic interest. Association won't have the capacity to cover more social environment where it is focusing on. Since one thing great to one society might be seen from altogether different point. E.g. wearing white garments is contrastingly seen by Hindu and Christian culture.

Components that influence business association are:

i. Sex/Race/Age/Marital status/Location: It decides the need of populace. What is greater part need is replied by watching it.

ii. Education truly changes individuals practices: The purchasing propensities, burning through money, obtaining things are some how more extraordinary in connection to uneducated. In the midst of instructed buyer business association must act distinctively on the grounds that they have sentiment consumerism, patriotism, regard security, cautious to wellbeing, and stay far from unscrupulous things.